(2) The diameter of the larger circle is exactly twice the diameter of the inner circle that is rotating around inside it.
(4) This shows that the circumference of a circle, when unrolled is equivalent to pi times the diameter.
(5) This shows that as the number of vertexes on a perfect shape increases, that shape conforms more and more to the shape of a circle. It also shows the roots of unity along the imaginary unit circle, where the formula for the roots of unity: X(x,n) = 1^(1/n) = exp(x*2*Pi*i/n) = cos(x*2*Pi/n) + i*sin(x*2*Pi/n) where:
X(x,n)=> the xth root of the n roots of unity;
x=> the root number (going from 1 to n);
n=> the number of roots;
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